In the genus Heterodermia s. lat. (Physciaceae) world-wide c. 150 species are known. They occur mostly in the tropics. From Brazil, only 40 described species are reported so far. The genus is most speciose on South Brazil. Recently several new species in the Heterodermia comosa group were described from Argentina (Michlig et al. 2017), some of which also occur in Brazil, and one of which (H. mobergiana) is more common than H. comosa s. str. In South Brazil, we found at least 30 Heterodermia species, generally applying the strict morphological and strict chemical concepts of Lücking et al. (2008) and Mongkolsuk et al. (2015), which are supported by DNA analyses. Species are characterized by a combination of the presence or absence of isidia, lobules, farinose lip-shaped soralia, granular marginal soralia, or pseudocyphellae (a character that has been overlooked or ignored up to now), and the chemistry of pigment on lower surface and/or medullary substances (terpenoids, depsidones). All specimens were investigated by TLC. Terpenoid patterns seem to be a reliable character sometimes distinguishing morphologically similar taxa. Several species are new to science. This is in addition to the c. 20 still undescribed species found in an earlier study on Heterodermia in São Paulo (Martins 2007).
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